Corporate Article

For many companies, the path to expansion requires financial backing. This can be in the form of seed funding and series A, B or C funding. Monies are collected from investors in exchange for equity in a company. Seed funding is the earliest stage of funding collected. It is at times considered as funding even […]

A shareholder agreement is a document signed between shareholders of a company that supplements and complements the constitution of a company. A shareholder agreement may or may not be between all of the shareholders. It can be signed among some of the shareholders. It may also be signed between the shareholders and the company. One

A convertible note is a form of loan to the company which can be paid back in the form of equity. The investor or lender places monies in a company and receives discounted shares which are issued at a later date. This is a very popular instrument in which startups use to raise funds. The

A sole proprietorship is a business that is owned by an individual. There are no other individuals involved in this business. The three characteristics that define a sole proprietorship are: 1) It is not a separate legal entity from the business owner When dealing with a sole proprietorship, it is akin to dealing with the

An Employee Stock Option Plan (ESOP) is a form of Employee Share Ownership. An Employee Stock Option Plan gives employees the right to purchase shares of the company at a predetermined price within a particular time frame. There are a variety of reasons for implementing an ESOP in a company. An ESOP may be used

A shareholder is a natural person or a legal entity (i.e. another company) that owns at least one share of a company. They may also be referred to as stockholders or equity holders. Some people may refer to them as owners of the company. A company requires investment in the form of an injection of

An Annual General Meeting (AGM) is a mandatory meeting for all companies. The requirement is for companies to hold an AGM within 6 months from the end of their financial year. At the AGM, the directors of the company will present an annual report of the company, typically the financial statements, to the shareholders. This

A Politically Exposed Person (PEP) is someone who has been entrusted with a prominent public function. Due to the position that a PEP is in, there is a higher risk for that particular individual to be involved in corruption or bribery. This term is usually used in the financial services industry and its accompanying industries.

A director of a company is an appointed or elected person of the company who, along with the other directors, if any, are responsible for the implementation and direction of company policy. In essence, it is usually the shareholders who appoint the directors of the company and directors act as agents of the company. It is

The Register of Members is a record of all shareholders or members of a company. This may also be called the Register of Shareholders for companies that issue shares. In the register, the following information about the members of the company need to be maintained: Name of members Address of members Date of becoming a